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Hydrogen fuel cell catalyst types
Release time:
2025-01-20
Pure platinum catalyst: Platinum (Pt) has good molecular adsorption and dissociation characteristics, so platinum catalyst has become the most ideal and currently the only commercial catalyst material. Platinum has high catalytic activity for both hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Platinum metal is expensive, and my country's storage is also very short. The high price of Pt is a great obstacle to the large-scale commercialization of fuel cells.
Low platinum catalyst: Since platinum metal is expensive, scientists and companies improve the stability and activity of catalysts by alloying with other metals, while also reducing the use of platinum. These alloys mainly use cobalt, nickel, iron, copper, zinc, etc.
Non-platinum-based catalysts: Due to the scarcity and high cost of platinum, researchers have been exploring non-platinum-based catalysts as alternatives. These catalysts mainly include palladium-based catalysts, non-precious metal catalysts and non-metallic catalysts. Non-precious metal catalysts include iron, cobalt, nickel, etc. The most common non-metallic catalysts are carbon-based catalysts, such as carbon nanotubes, carbon fibers, graphene, etc. Non-platinum-based catalysts are generally less active than platinum-based catalysts, but they are less expensive and may show good stability and durability under certain conditions. Catalyst Classification In addition to the above classification, there are also some catalysts with special functions that are being developed and put into use.
Bifunctional catalysts: refers to catalysts that can catalyze the oxidation reaction of hydrogen and the reduction reaction of oxygen at the same time, thereby simplifying the structure of fuel cells and improving energy conversion efficiency. Some platinum-based alloy catalysts and non-platinum-based catalysts have been studied for the preparation of bifunctional catalysts.
Composite catalysts: composed of multiple materials, the performance of the catalyst is improved by the interaction between the materials. For example, platinum nanoparticles are loaded on carbon carriers with high specific surface area and good conductivity to prepare highly active composite catalysts. Platinum-carbon catalysts are mainly used for hydrogen, methanol, formic acid oxidation and oxygen reduction reactions in fuel cells. This catalyst is popular because of its low content of precious metal components.
Enzyme-based catalysts: using biological enzymes as catalysts to achieve the reaction of hydrogen and oxygen at lower temperatures and pressures. Although enzyme-based catalysts have low activity, they have the advantages of biocompatibility and environmental friendliness, so they have potential application value in certain specific fields.
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